Greenwich Unitary Development Plan

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4. OPEN SPACES

GENERAL POLICY AND POLICY CONTEXT

4.1

Open spaces play a significant role in a civilised community contributing to a high quality environment. They can therefore play an important role in sustaining and improving the amenity of residential districts, attracting new investment, employment opportunities and improving the quality of life. Open space, including rivers and lakes, is one of the Borough’s major resources and needs to be protected, improved and made fuller use of, if its potential is to be realised. The general policies are:

SO1	To adopt a positive approach to the use and treatment of open space by:
	i.	Maintaining and increasing suitable recreational facilities;
	ii.	Improving the environmental quality of open spaces;
	iii.	Identifying and conserving sites of nature conservation importance and;
	iv	Recognising the value of landscape, biodiversity and open space features throughout the urban environment.

SO2	To safeguard, improve and enhance the character of existing public and private open space (Green Belt, Metropolitan Open Land, Community Open Space, small open spaces) that fulfil a specific function for the local and wider community and encourage full use of their facilities.

SO3	To ensure that all communities, residents and workers have adequate access to open space and the riverside. The needs of disadvantaged communities and groups with special requirements will be given emphasis, especially in areas of public open space deficiency.

SO4	Open spaces of strategic importance (Metropolitan Open Land) will be maintained and their character safeguarded from built development and enhanced as appropriate. The only uses considered to be generally appropriate within MOL are:
	i.	Public and private open space, sportsgrounds and playing fields.
	ii.	Agriculture, woodlands and orchards.
	iii.	Open water features.
	iv	Golf courses.
	v.	Allotments.
	vi.	Large grounds attached to educational facilities and institutions.
	vii.	Cemeteries and associated crematoria.
	viii	Nature conservation.

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BOROUGH CONTEXT AND REASONS FOR PART ONE POLICIES

4.2

The Greenwich Agenda 21 Strategy recognises the important role that the Borough’s open spaces play in a sustainable community; ’the environment should not be seen as an addition or as separate, but as an integral part to our lives.’ The Strategy notes that through protecting and enhancing wildlife habitats and green spaces, the urban areas will be made more attractive and ’livable.’ The Greenwich Strategy aims to promote the Borough’s and open spaces and the River Thames for recreation while protecting and enhancing the natural habitats they offer.

4.3

Open space constitutes almost a quarter of the Borough’s total land area, ranging from local woodlands to large formal parks. There is a major swathe of open spaces stretching through the central, eastern and southern parts of the Borough forming part of an area of Metropolitan Open Land known as the ‘Green Chain’. The Green Chain stretches through the four South East London Boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Greenwich and Lewisham. There are seven miles of Thames and Thameside. There are sites of historical and ecological importance. These open spaces provide a range of functions including recreational, ecological, historical, amenity and structural breaks in the overall urban environment. It is important that the level of open space in the Borough is maintained, whilst recognising that new open spaces are being provided as part of the developments of Thamesmead and the Greenwich Peninsula, which help to achieve a more balanced distribution of open space in the Borough.

4.4

Open space in the Borough is subject to pressures, for example development pressure for housing, leisure facilities, new road and public transport developments. Within the framework of these competing land uses the Council recognises that not all the Borough’s residents have adequate access to open space. Despite the relatively large amount of open space in the Borough some areas are deficient in public open space. As a result the immobile, younger and older people and parents with young children do not always have convenient access to recreational open space.

4.5

In order to realise the full potential of open space opportunities within the Borough, the Council will capitalise upon the roles that open space can play in the fulfillment of this Plan’s vision. This approach is reflected in the division of the chapter into three broad themes.

Protecting Open Space

4.6

To safeguard and improve existing public and private open land from built development, through Metropolitan Open Land, the Green Chain and other open space designations, whilst encouraging a positive approach to the use of open space. PPG17 ‘Sport, Open Space and Recreation’ (2002) states that the Government’s main planning objectives for sport and recreation are to:

promote more sustainable patterns of development by creating and maintaining networks of recreational facilities and open spaces, particularly within our urban areas;
promote social inclusion, community cohesion, health and well–being by ensuring that everyone has easy access to good quality sport and recreation facilities and open space; and
support an urban renaissance and a rural renewal, by making our towns and cities more attractive places in which people will choose to live, providing opportunities for recreation in the countryside and regenerating the economies of rural areas.

Open Space & Leisure

4.7

Open space plays an essential role in providing the necessary facilities for the pursuit of a wide range of leisure and educational activities. These can be divided into three broad categories: Sporting activities, which require specialist facilities such as football and cricket pitches; General leisure activities, ranging from walking and sitting to informal play; and cultural and entertainment facilities which range from historical buildings, museums, open air theatres, sites of sculpture and visual imagery to refreshment facilities. Sporting and general leisure activities have the potential to provide facilities for physical activity and hence to promote both physical and mental good health. The Greenwich Strategy aims to promote and foster Greenwich as a centre of cultural excellence where sports and leisure facilities and activities are among the best in London. The Council’s ‘Taking Leisure Forward’ (1998), currently being updated as the ‘Fit for Sport’ Sport Strategy 2004–2008, seeks to support initiatives of sporting excellence.

Open Space & The Environment

4.8

Open space plays an important role in protecting and enhancing the environment and fulfilling the Greenwich Agenda 21 Strategy, which in turn exercises a profound influence on the Borough’s social and economic conditions. In broad terms open spaces form a key part of the urban landscape; making a contrast with built development through sensory perceptions (Sight, sound, smell and touch). They also provide opportunities for nature development and conservation as well as the resources for educational play and studies. Small open areas, private gardens and wildlife features permeate and enrich the whole urban environment and such elements need to be considered during the development process and conserved. The Greenwich Biodiversity Action Plan will provide an audit of existing species and habitats, identify those of particular importance and set out a programme for their protection and enhancement. Londonwide the Mayor published a Biodiversity Strategy in 2002.

POLICIES

Protecting Open Space

Metropolitan Open Land

O1	In areas defined on the Proposals Map as Metropolitan Open Land:
	i.	The use of land for the open land uses stated in Policy SO4 will normally be permitted unless the use would result in an adverse change to the character of the open land.
	ii.	Small scale built development which has a primary function for a purpose ancillary and essential to an appropriate use as stated in Policy SO4 may be permitted provided that the following criteria are met:
		a.	The design, scale, massing, siting and landscaping of the proposal should relate sensitively to other buildings on the site, to those on adjoining sites and to the character of the surrounding open land. The proposal should not be visually intrusive and should have minimal impact upon the open nature of the area.
		b.	The proposal should not be within a defined site of nature conservation importance (see Policy O18) nor prejudice the ecological or amenity significance of the area.
		c.	The proposal should not have unacceptable adverse effects on neighbouring residential areas and should not result in an unacceptable level of noise or other disturbance.
		d.	The proposal must not result in the enlargement or creation of an area of public open space deficiency (see Policy O9).
		e.	The proposal shall not result in an overall reduction of the provision of playing fields or sports pitches and associated facilities in the Borough.
		f.	The proposal shall not result in a significant increase in vehicular traffic to the site and any provision for parking shall not dominate or fragment the site.
		All proposals shall be landscaped and introduce diversity to the wildlife interest of the site. Existing trees of significance should be protected and replacement trees provided. (See Policy D8).
	iii.	Proposals for a change of use of an existing building, which is in a use ancillary to that of the surrounding open space, to a non ancillary use will not normally be permitted. The use of such a building for indoor sport or leisure use, combined with an outdoor use, may be permitted subject to landscaping and the criteria above.

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Reasons

4.9

The London Plan defines Metropolitan Open Land as land of predominantly open character which has more than a Borough significance, generally because of its size and catchment area. MOL provides breaks in the built up area, provides open air facilities and contains features or landscape of historic, recreational and nature conservation interest all of which benefit the people of part or all of London. This open space, whether land or water, privately or publicly owned and accessible to the public or not, is needed both for active sport and informal leisure, recreation and for the intrinsic qualities of ‘openness’ and ‘greenness’. In MOL the London Plan advises that there is a presumption against inappropriate development including development which would be harmful to the open character of the land.

4.10

In accordance with the London Plan, the Council intends to safeguard open land of metropolitan importance from built development and maintain their structural contribution in providing a visual break in the built?]up areas of London. These areas are also of significant strategic value for wildlife. The open land comprises a variety of public and private open spaces, serving both the local and wider communities of South East London and is already used/has potential for outdoor recreation.

4.11

Whilst there is a presumption against built development it is accepted that some limited built development, ancillary and essential to an appropriate use may be needed for the effective operation of such uses. The policy sets out criteria by which such proposals are to be assessed. Changes of use of buildings from an ancillary to a non ancillary use will be resisted although it is recognised that exceptions could be made for indoor sport or leisure uses combined with an outdoor use. It is also recognised that not all open space uses identified in Policy SO4 are appropriate on all MOL sites. For example some open space uses would be detrimental to the landscape and/or historic nature of the site and as a result would have an adverse impact on the character and quality of the MOL.

O2	Proposals for redevelopment, extension or change of use of existing built development within Metropolitan Open Land whose primary function is not ancillary to the use of adjoining open land will be controlled according to the following criteria:
	i.	The design, scale, massing, siting and landscaping of the proposal should relate sensitively to other buildings on the site, to those on adjoining sites and to the character of the surrounding open land. The proposal should not be visually intrusive and should have minimal impact upon the open nature of the area.
	ii.	The proposal should not be within a defined site of nature conservation importance (see Policy O18) nor prejudice the ecological or amenity significance of the area.
	iii.	The proposal should not have any adverse effects on neighbouring residential areas and should not result in an unacceptable level of noise or other disturbance.
	iv.	The proposal must not result in the enlargement or creation of an area of public open space deficiency (see Policy O9).
	v.	The proposal shall not result in an overall reduction of the provision of playing fields or sports pitches and associated facilities in the Borough.
	vi.	The proposal shall not result in a significant increase in vehicular traffic to the site and any provision for parking shall not dominate or fragment the site.
	vii.	Any replacement buildings should not exceed the ground floor area or height of those existing on the site.
	viii.	There will be a presumption against extensions to existing buildings unless it can be demonstrated that any such development would be modest in scale and not be visually intrusive or have any adverse effect on the character of the surrounding Metropolitan Open Land.
	All proposals shall be landscaped and introduce diversity to the wildlife interest of the site. Existing trees of significance should be protected and replacement trees provided. (See Policy D8).

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Reasons

4.12

In some places Metropolitan Open Land includes substantial amounts of built form, such as schools, colleges, hospitals, halls of residence and large houses all set in large grounds but whose primary function is not ancillary to the use of the open land. Whilst it is recognised that some limited development may be warranted to enable the proper functioning of these buildings to continue, their nature and prominent or sensitive location is such that any significant extension, further development or intensification of use of such buildings could conflict with the objectives of maintaining and enhancing the character of MOL.

O3	The University of Greenwich Avery Hill Campus, Mansion Site and Southwood Site, are identified as Major Developed Sites (MDS) on the Proposals Map and in the Site Proposals Schedule. Proposals for expansion are to meet the following criteria:
	i.	form part of a comprehensively planned development for each site;
	ii.	would not lead to an increase in the height of the existing development or previously approved schemes;
	iii.	would not have an unreasonable effect on the surrounding environment and amenity of adjoining residents;
	iv.	would not have an unacceptable effect on traffic flow or safety and includes adequate parking and access arrangements;
	v.	would be well served by a variety of means of transport other than the private car;
	vi.	have no greater impact than existing or previously permitted development on the open character of MOL; and
	vii.	not exceed 21,700 sqm (gross) of additional floorspace.

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Reason

4.13

The University of Greenwich has identified a need in the plan period for a further 21,700 sqm of additional teaching and associated floorspace at their Avery Hill Campus. At the Southwood Site planning permission has already been granted in 2003 for 6,500 sqm of that additional floorspace,leaving 13,700 sqm to be provided. At the Mansion Site, historically (1994) planning permission was granted by the Secretary of State for the Environment for a substantial extension of the campus by 14,900 sqm. To reflect this position, both sites are identified as Major Developed Sites in MOL (Site schedules o4 and o5), and their boundaries take into account these space needs. This reflects the guidance on such sites in PPG2 ‘Green Belts’ Annex C, interpreted for a site in MOL.

O4	The Council will give special consideration to development proposals on land fringing, abutting or otherwise having a visual relationship with Metropolitan Open Land where development could be detrimental to its visual amenity, character or use. Possibilities for opening up visual links and green corridors, or creating new access points into or between open land areas will be pursued.

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Reasons

4.14

Development, redevelopment or extensions on land adjoining or relating visually to Metropolitan Open Land could have an impact on the appearance, character and use of the open spaces, and proposals need to be assessed accordingly. In particular there are many residential properties with large gardens abutting the MOL boundary which the Council would wish to see retained as a buffer between built development and open land and ensure views to and from are protected.

O5	Areas of Metropolitan Open Land forming part of the "Green Chain", which is defined on the Proposals Map, will be promoted as a regional and local outdoor recreational resource and visual amenity in conjunction with other parts of the Green Chain in South East London. The six objectives for the Green Chain are:
	i.	To improve and encourage the provision of suitable recreational facilities, with an emphasis on those serving a wide area of South East London and/or requiring open land.
	ii.	To safeguard the open land from built development and maintain its positive contribution in providing a visual and physical break in the built–up area of London.
	iii.	To conserve and enhance the visual amenity and ecological aspects of the landscape.
	iv.	To improve public access to and through the area.
	v.	To promote an overall identity for the area in order to increase public awareness of available recreational facilities.
	vi.	To encourage the collaboration and co–operation of the various public and private agencies, owners, organisations, clubs, etc. in the area to achieve the above objectives.

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Reasons

4.15

MOL, forming the Green Chain, comprises a number of public and private open spaces, largely in recreational use, which extend in a virtually continuous arc through the Boroughs of Bexley, Greenwich, Lewisham and Bromley. The London Plan urges Boroughs to consider the valuable role of Green Chains and to consult with neighbouring planning authorities as appropriate. These objectives have been jointly adopted by the four Boroughs and are pursued by the Green Chain Joint Committee and the Officers Working Party. A Management Plan for the future of the Green Chain (2003–2008) was published in 2004.

Green Belt

O6	The small area of land comprising the grounds of Stonefields, New Eltham, is defined as Green Belt land and should be retained as open space.

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Reasons

4.16

This small area of open land forms part of a larger continuous area of Green Belt, which straddles the Borough's boundary with Bromley. Any proposals for this area must comply with the guidance contained in Planning Policy Guidance Note 2: Greenbelts (PPG2).

Community Open Space

O7	Public and private open space areas defined as Community Open Space on the Proposals Map will be safeguarded from built development. New buildings and extensions to existing buildings will only be permitted where they are ancillary to the existing land use, are limited in size and extent, sensitively sited, and are compatible with neighbouring development. Changes of use of existing buildings in ancillary use will be considered in the light of Policy O1. Where existing built development within parks and public open spaces becomes surplus to demand, the Council may allow the sites to be redeveloped for specialist sporting development (which combine the use of outdoor and indoor space), subject to the criteria set out in Policy O1.

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Reason

4.17

The numerous public and private open spaces within the built up areas of the Borough not defined as Metropolitan Open Land provide important functions for the local and wider community, and need to be safeguarded equally from built development pressures. The open spaces comprise a variety of uses including local parks, playing fields, sportsgrounds, allotments, etc., and they do not all have general public access. In every case they fulfil specific functions for the local or wider community and constitute welcome open breaks within the built up area, contrasting with the overall built environment. However many of the Borough's parks and public open spaces contain derelict or under–used buildings which could be used to provide better recreational facilities and act as a catalyst for the improvement of the surrounding open spaces.

Other Open Spaces

O8	Other small open spaces, amenity open spaces and play areas not allocated for other uses, whether public or private (too small to be defined on the Proposals Map), which fulfil an environmental, recreational, local nature conservation or amenity function will be safeguarded from built development and Policy O7 will apply.

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Reason

4.18

Small open spaces play an important role in providing breaks in the built up area, providing space for recreation for residents, assisting nature conservation, preventing over development, providing visual contrast and areas for play and sitting out.

Public Open Space Deficiency Areas

O9	The Council will seek to increase the provision of public open space and improve public access in areas of open space deficiency identified on Map 5. The development of major new residential communities in areas deficient in open space should include a minimum public open space provision to the standards set out in Table O1.

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Reason

4.19

The London Plan advises that UDP’s should identify areas of public open space deficiency and seek to reduce deficiencies in open space, either through the creation of new open space to which the public have access or by enabling convenient access for all to existing open space. . Table 3D.1 of the London Plan sets out London’s open space hierarchy and provides a benchmark for public open space provision across London.

4.20

The uneven distribution of public open space in the Borough of Greenwich and surrounding Boroughs means that less mobile people, younger and older people and parents with young children do not always have adequate access to open spaces for the purpose of recreation. Map 5 identifies these areas. Sites where new provision or improvements to open space can be made are identified within the Site Schedules for open space. Minor extensions and improved access points to existing small local parks and open spaces can help alleviate deficiency, especially in areas of deprivation. A detailed appraisal will be carried out in all cases where open space deficiencies need to be improved.

4.21

In smaller new residential developments the priority will be on the provision of small local parks within easy walking distance of users. Policy H12 deals with the provision of children’s play areas in new residential developments.

Map 5 - Public Open Space Deficiency Areas

Map 5 - Public Open Space Deficiency Areas

4.22

In excess of 25ha of public open space have (Central and Southern Parks) and are to be provided on the Greenwich Peninsula. The development will deliver a network of open spaces that provide a variety of experiences and cater for different user groups, equivalent to the provision of a District Park. Tripcock Park will address the District Park deficiency in the Thamesmead area. A further 6ha of open space are to be provided within the new development at Tripcock Point, Thamesmead.

Table O1: Types of Publicly Accessible Open Spaces

Open Space Categorisation	Size Guideline and Distance from Home
Regional Parks	400 hectares 3.2–8 km
Metropolitan Parks	60 hectares 3.2 km
District Parks	20 hectares 1.2km
Local Parksand Open Spaces	2 hectares 0.4km
Small Open Spaces	Under 2 hectares Less than 0.4km

Source: Table 3D.1 London Plan (2004)

Community Benefits

O10	The Council will seek to secure improvement and enhancement of existing parks and public open spaces, where major development places increased demand on existing areas, and, where appropriate, the creation of new parks and public open spaces in line with Policies O9 and C3, through planning obligations and conditions on planning permissions in line with Policy SC2.

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Reason

4.23

There will be a significant increase in the number of households and the number of homes in the Borough during the plan period and the additional demands that this will place on existing facilities needs to be recognised. Policy O9 requires proposals in areas deficient in public open space to include new public open space provision. However, major developments may also increase use of existing parks and public open spaces. It is considered necessary to improve and enhance existing nearby public open space to cope with increased demand. These parks and public open spaces should be reasonably related in location to the development proposed and should be of direct benefit to the occupiers of the new development.

4.24

The Council's overall approach to community benefits and planning obligations is set out in Policy SC2. The Council will seek a legal agreement with developers in accordance with Policy SC2, to put into place mechanisms and initial funding for improvements and enhancements of existing parks and public open spaces. (See also Policies C3 and D4).

Open Space and Leisure

Sportsgrounds and Playing Fields

O11	The Council will resist granting planning permission for any development which would lead to the loss or would prejudice the use of a playing field or land last used as a playing field except where:
	A
	i.	An appraisal of current and future needs for playing fields has demonstrated that there is an excess of playing field provision and the site has no special significance to the interests of sport or for school playing field(s) it would not result in the loss of playing fields below Department for Education and Skills standards; and
	ii.	The site is suplus to requirements of all other open space functions; or
	B
	iii.	The proposed development affects only land incapable of forming, or not forming part of, a playing pitch, or
	iv.	It would meet an identified need for an alternative open space use; (See Table O1) or
	v.	It would combine the use of indoor and outdoor sports, providing a facility for sporting excellence which justifies the loss of land; or
	vi.	An alternative site or facility of at least an equivalent quantity and quality is provided in a suitable location; and
	vii.	It would have minimal adverse impact on the open character of Metropolitan Open Land (in accordance with Policy O1), or for other open spaces it is not of particular recreational or amenity value.

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Reason

4.25

Recreational facilities provided on private sportsgrounds and educational playing fields and within parks provide opportunities for team games and outdoor sports. The trend in most sports and recreational activities is towards an increase in participation. In addition there is the difficulty and expense of significantly improving the provision for outdoor sports and recreation within the built up areas of London. There is a strong case, therefore, against any erosion in the provision of existing outdoor sports provision in the Borough. Sportsgrounds and educational playing fields in the Borough are also an important element in the overall regional provision for sports and recreation in London, not just for the Borough.

4.26

The London Plan requires Boroughs to realise the value of open space and protect its many benefits including those associated with sport and recreation. Reference should also be made to The Sporting Capital: Regional Recreation Strategy for London (London Sport 1994), which provides a background and framework for sport in London and an approach to achieving the vision for the future. PPG17 ‘Sport, Open Space and Recreation’ (2002) states that playing fields should not be lost to development unless there is an established surplus of all forms of open space and that if playing fields are no longer required for their original purpose consideration should first be given to their use for other recreational and open space needs.

4.27

People should have access to a range of high quality sports facilities. This is recognised in the Council’s ‘Fit for Sport’ Sport Strategy 2004–2008 – which identifies the importance of supporting initiatives for sporting excellence in the Borough. Many of these initiatives combine indoor and outdoor facilities. Indoor sports facilities are subject to the sequential approach (See Policy TC16), but it is recognised that the availability of large town centre sites for such facilities is limited. Outside such locations, sites for sports facilities must take into account public transport accessibility. Any such outdoor sports facilities should be combined with outdoor facilities, and should provide for sporting excellence as validated by the appropriate sporting authority. (See also policies O1 and O7).

4.28

The policy distinguishes between school playing fields and other playing fields. In both cases an excess of playing fields will need to be demonstrated – based on the methodology detailed in ‘Towards a level playing field: a guide to the production of playing pitch strategies’ (February 2003)before alternative proposals will be considered. For the former, Department for Education and Skills standards are also to be met. In both cases the other criteria would also need to be met. The Council has published a Playing Fields and Allotments Study of the Borough, incorporating an appraisal of future need in 2004. The Study will be taken into account in the application of this policy.

4.29

Local Authorities are required to consult with Sport England where development proposals may affect a playing field or land used as a playing field in the last 5 years. The Local Planning Authority is required to notify the Department for Communities and Local Government where they are minded to grant planning permission for the proposed development of a local authority owned playing field or used by an educational institution and Sport England have objected.

Park Facilities

O12	The Council will seek to enhance open space by the provision and encouragement of appropriate park facilities (e.g. seating, children's play equipment, refreshment facilities, outdoor tennis courts, pitch and putt, sports pitches and changing facilities and Arts, Culture and Entertainment facilities, such as open air performance spaces, sculpture and visual imagery and areas for cultural exhibition and study) within suitable parks and public open spaces. Facilities should be of a high standard of design and quality and respect local nature conservation interests. Such facilities should be safe to use and accessible to all. (See Policies D5, D6 and D7).

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Reason

4.30

Many public open spaces contain few facilities, making them less attractive places to visit. Open spaces can be visually enhanced and used to a greater and more varied extent through appropriate outdoor uses. The Council would like to realise the full potential of open space as a leisure resource. Encouraging outdoor arts and cultural activities where they do not conflict with the appropriate uses of the open space for performance and exhibitions for example, enables cultural and artistic expression, benefiting the wider community. Indoor ACE facilities are encouraged in appropriate locations, discussed within the Town Centres Chapter.

Floodlighting

O13	The Council will permit the floodlighting of sports facilities where they do not cause unacceptable nuisance or visual intrusion. In some cases their hours of use may be restricted.

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Reason

4.31

The hours during which sports pitches can be used may be greatly increased by the use of floodlighting. Their use can, however, cause unacceptable night time nuisance in residential areas, adversely affect wildlife and be visually intrusive by day. (See Policy E5: Light Pollution).

Allocations

O14	The loss or change of use of existing allotment sites will be resisted. The provision of additional allotments, particularly in the northern part of the Borough or where demand exceeds supply, will be encouraged on suitable sites.

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Reason

4.32

There is a continuing interest in allotment gardening and allotments constitute one of the more intensely used forms of recreational open land. There are only 0.13 hectares of allotment land per 1,000 people in the Borough (1997 mid year population estimate) compared with 0.41 hectare per 1,000 nationally). Allotment gardening is generally a localised activity with plotholders living within easy walking distance of their plots. The demand generally exceeds the supply of plots, particularly in the northern part of the Borough. The Council published a Playing Fields and Allotments Study of the Borough, incorporating an appraisal of future need, in 2004. The Study will be taken into account in the application of this policy.

Recreational Footpaths and Cycleways

O15	Existing footpaths will be safeguarded and new footpaths created to and through open spaces and places of interest, where they do not adversely affect nature conservation. The Council will endeavour to create a signposted network of continuous and circular routes. In particular the ‘Green Chain Walk’ footpath network will be improved and extended and new links created wherever possible.

O16	The existing riverside footpath will be safeguarded and improved so that a continuous signposted walk from Deptford to Thamesmead is created. Development proposals for riverside sites will be required to incorporate provision for a riverside walkway along the river frontage or contribute to improvements where the existing footpath needs it. The Council will examine the potential to extend the riverside footpath along Deptford Creek. Amenity open space areas will be created at strategic locations en route and the possibility of creating open–air performance areas will be pursued with developers where appropriate. Footpaths and associated areas should be safe to use and accessible to all. (See Policies D5, D6 and D7).

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Reason for O15 and O16

4.33

Walking is an important pursuit that combines both journeys of recreation and necessity for residents and visitors alike. Many of the Borough's best attractions can be approached on foot, and the identification, signposting, provision of information and publicising of suitable routes will encourage the use of open spaces and visits to places of interest. The Mayor’s Transport Strategy (2001) identifies the Green Chain Walk as one of six Strategic Walks in London. The Green Chain Walk, which runs through the Green Chain Open Spaces, also forms part of the Capital Ring which is a 72 mile orbital path in London.

4.34

The Council supports the inclusion of the riverside walkway in the Countryside Agency's Thames Path National Trail. The Thameside footpath now extends along most of the riverside apart from a couple of sections on the Charlton / Woolwich riverside. In these areas it is to be provided on the redevelopment of adjacent riverside sites. In some areas it needs improvement. The precise route of the riverside path may vary according to the operational requirements of other river users. The West Greenwich Development Framework recognises the opportunity to improve pedestrian linkages along and across the Creek. The latter has benefited from the restored Ha’penny Hatch footbridge adjacent to the railway bridge. Contributions to footpath provision will be sought in accordance with Policy SC2.

O17	The Council will use its planning and other powers to secure the provision of cycleways along the riverside, and within and through the major open spaces, particularly in the Green Chain Area, in conjunction with non leisure cycleways (see Policy M32). Consideration will be given to problems of nuisance and safety to other users. Suitable routes will be safeguarded and provided as resources allow and through the use of planning agreements/conditions on planning permissions.

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Reason

4.35

Cycling is a popular leisure activity. It is considered appropriate to make available suitable segregated cycle routes within and through the Borough's major open spaces and along the riverside, where the distances involved make cycling particularly appropriate. The Council will consult interested groups, including groups representing walkers and pedestrians and draw up proposals in due course. Contributions to cycle–way provision will be sought in accordance with Policy SC2.

Wildlife and Nature Conservation

The Identification and Protection of Wildlife Habitats

O18	A network of Sites of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCI) throughout the Borough have been identified for protection. These include Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and sites declared as Local Nature Reserves (LNR). They are defined on the Proposals Map and listed in Table O2 as sites of Metropolitan, Borough or Local importance for nature conservation or geology. There will be a presumption against the development of these sites: the level of protection accorded to a site will be commensurate with its designation. Conservation and enhancement of important scientific features will be sought by appropriate management.

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Reason

4.36

It is important to retain a full range of natural habitats and features within easy reach of residential areas. Many natural features and habitats cannot easily be recreated elsewhere and must be conserved where they can still be found. A re–survey commissioned by the GLA Biodiversity Unit: ‘Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation in Greenwich (September 2004)’ updates the previous list of sites. The sites identified include SSSIs designated by English Nature (Gilberts Pit, and Oxleas Wood) and the Local Nature Reserves declared by the Council (Maryon Wilson Park & Gilberts Pit and the Oxleas Woodlands complex). Sites are categorised as of Metropolitan, Borough (Grade I or II), or Local Importance. In general development of these sites or areas, other than for minor ancillary works, would be prejudicial to their nature conservation interest, but the level of protection accorded to a site will be commensurate with its designation.

4.37

One of the key principles of PPS 9: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation (2005) is to maintain and enhance, restore or add to biodiversity and geological conservation interests. Plans should be based upon up–to–date information about the environmental characteristics of their areas and should indicate the location of designated sites of importance. Plans should also consider the restoration or creation of new priority habitats. Local Authorities are required to consult with English Nature where development proposals may affect a SSSI.

4.38

All development proposals are expected to have regard to the biodiversity of sites which are not within designated areas, through Policy D3.

O19	Where development is proposed on sites adjacent to protected sites of nature conservation importance, applicants must demonstrate that habitats will not be adversely affected.

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Reason

4.39

Some developments can have significant detrimental effects on the wildlife of adjacent sites, due to disturbance such as that from noise, movement, shade, atmospheric pollution and the effects on drainage and ground water. Applicants must demonstrate that advice has been sought from professionals with suitable expertise and qualifications.

Green Corridors

O20	The network of main Green Corridors will be protected and enhanced. Development will not normally be permitted where it would damage the continuity of wildlife habitat within the corridor.

River Corridors

O21	O21The ecological and wildlife value of the Borough’s rivers, canals and lakes will be protected and enhanced. Development will not normally be permitted where it would damage the continuity of wildlife habitat within the corridor.

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Reason for O20 and O21

4.40

Extensive contiguous areas of trees, shrubs and open land that often straddle road, rail and river networks can form corridors that link one habitat with another. These corridors can help form a network necessary to ensure the maintenance of the current range and diversity of flora and fauna.

The green corridors are:

i.

The railway line between Blackheath and Falconwood which links with the open spaces of Blackheath and Greenwich Park.

ii.

The Plumstead Railway cutting

iii.

The ridgeway in Abbey Wood/Thamesmead

iv.

The railway line between Lee and New Eltham which connects to the Green Chain network of open spaces.

The above are also Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation, and are shown on the Proposals Map and listed in Table O2 as appropriate. The Green Chain also acts as a green corridor through Woolwich Cemetery, Plumstead Common and Bostall Woods into Bexley.

4.41

The River Thames, Ravensbourne and Quaggy, together with the Thamesmead canal network and a number of lakes form a corridor for aquatic species and bird migration. The culverting or building over of watercourses should be resisted as it results in a break of continuity in river corridors, and adversely affects nature conservation interests. Such works will require the consent of the Environment Agency.

Species Protection

O22	The Council, when considering planning applications, will take into account the presence of any protected or priority species and their habitats which are likely to be harmed.

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Reason

4.42

National and international legislation protects certain species of flora and fauna. PPS9: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation (2005) states that Local Authorities should take measures to protect the habitats of these species from further decline. Where possible, the habitats of badgers, protected and priority species should be protected before, during and after any development that may affect them. Appropriate surveys of sites will help to identify if the species are present (See Policy D3). In cases where habitats of these species may be affected by development, English Nature will be contacted, and in the case of badgers, a licence will be required prior to permitting interference with a sett.

4.43

Where development is permitted which may affect protected species; conditions and agreements will be used to facilitate the survival of individual members of the species, reduce disturbance to a minimum and provide alternative habitats to sustain at least the existing levels of populations.

4.44

Protected and priority species are listed in Part One, Schedules 1, 5 and 8 of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act, Schedules 2 and 4 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c) Regulations, and the UK, London and proposed Greenwich Biodiversity Action Plans.

Map 6: Areas Lacking Accessible Wildlife Sites

Map 6: Areas Lacking Accessible Wildlife Sites

Areas Lacking Accessible Wildlife Sites

O23	In or near areas of wildlife deficiency (generally areas more than 1 kilometre from a Site of Metropolitan or Borough Importance for nature conservation to which the public has access) the Council will take opportunities to secure the provision of areas to be managed as wildlife habitats and seek to maximise opportunities for access to suitable sites within areas of wildlife deficiency where this does not conflict with protecting wildlife habitats from disturbance (See Map 6).

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Reason

4.45

The Council will seek to increase the ecological interest of areas currently deficient in accessible wildlife sites. The opportunity sometimes occurs on redevelopment to secure open space and in some cases this could appropriately be managed for ecological interest. The new ecology park that forms part of the Millennium Village is an example of this. Vacant sites can also be used, either temporarily or permanently, as wildlife refuges, especially with the help of local people.

Management of Wildlife Sites

O24	The Council will encourage landowners and managers to consider forms of management that will aid the conservation of natural features within their sites. Development and management proposals should have a particular regard to the value of retaining, replacing or creating features of nature conservation interest. Where necessary the Council will seek to enter into agreements to achieve these aims. In particular the development of ecological management plans will be encouraged to ensure the maximum degree of biodiversity.

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Reason

4.46

Management plays a crucial role in the retention of many valued habitats and species. Careful management can help to reduce the loss of wildlife and can also contribute to the increase in biodiversity. In the long term it may reduce maintenance costs and would give a positive role to such marginal areas as embankments, verges and unused corners of playing fields and recreation grounds. PPS9: Biodiversity and Geological Conservation (2005) states that enhancing biodiversity in green spaces will contribute to urban renaissance.

O25	The Council will encourage the use of wildlife sites to promote ecological awareness and appreciation by providing nature trails and guided walks, encourage the creation and maintenance of wildlife habitats within school grounds and support the setting up of urban / nature study centres. Priority will be given to schemes benefiting areas of deprivation. Access to and within these sites will be encouraged, particularly for those with mobility impairments and where this does not conflict with protecting wildlife habitats from disturbance.

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Reason

4.47

Ecological awareness and education is an important factor in the Borough's Agenda 21 strategy and the emerging Greenwich Biodiversity Action Plan. The Council wishes not only to protect wildlife but also to increase the opportunity for residents (particularly of school age) and visitors to increase and enhance their environmental knowledge. The Greenwich Environmental Curriculum Centre in Eltham promotes environmental and outdoor education and is extensively used by local schools. The nine acre site provides a diverse range of habitats to study and enjoy. There is also a new environmental interpretation centre on Deptford Creek.

Table O2: Sites of Nature Conservation Importance

SITES OF METROPOLITAN IMPORTANCE

NO.	SITE (area in hectares)	DESCRIPTION
NC1	The River Thames and tidal tributaries (2295)	Valuable habitat supporting many plant and animal species. Important for wildfowl and wading birds. The river walls provide a feeding habitat for the nationally rare black redstart (London BAP species). Terraces have been created on the Greenwich peninsula to provide opportunities for saltmarsh communities to establish. Also forms a river corridor.
NC2	Shooters Hill Woodlands (112)	Comprises Oxleas, Jack and Shepherdleas woods, and forms one of London’s most extensive areas of ancient woodland. Supports a wide range of plants and animal life. Local Nature Reserve and part SSSI.
NC3	Bostall Wood and Heath (159.1)	Ancient and secondary woodland with areas of heathland and acid grassland. Site may be important for bats, including rare species. Part SSSI
NC4	Royal Blackheath Golf Course (24)	Habitat for great crested newt (specially protected UK BAP species) bordered by woodland, scrub and acidic grassland.
NC5	Pippenhall Meadows (6.22)	Mosaic of small meadows and pastures divided by hedgerows. Range of grassland communities, including an interesting area of wet natural grassland. Many regionally uncommon species.
NC6	Blackheath and Greenwich Park (161.4)	Largest area of green open space in central south–east London. The area has potential for further improvement through management.. Contains ancient parkland trees, small woodlands managed as bird sanctuaries, a lake and several ponds.
NC7	Kidbrooke Green and Birdbrook Road Nature Reserves (2.39)	Series of ponds supporting a variety of amphibians, including great crested newt (specially protected UK BAP species) and the palmate newt (the rarest amphibian in London). Under consideration by English Nature for SSSI status.

SITES OF BOROUGH IMPORTANCE, GRADE I

NO.	SITE (area in hectares)	DESCRIPTION
NC8	Woolwich Common (45)	Mostly acidic grassland. Some neutral grassland, scrub and woodland. Site is manages as a meadow, encouraging butterflies, grasshoppers and other invertebrates.
NC9	Eltham Warren Golf Course, Gravel Pit Lane, and the Environmental Curriculum Centre (21.3)	Acid grassland and semi–improved natural grassland. Some hedgerows. Nature Study Centre contains a range of habitats and is an important educational site.
NC10	Avery Hill Fields (36.4)	Contains some of the oldest hedgerows in the Borough, a pond and an interesting area of wet natural grassland.
NC11	Eltham Palace Fields (34.9)	A large area of open land with fine old hedgerows, a variety of grasses and wild flowers. Wetter areas, (ponds and the moat in the grounds of the palace), add to the habitat diversity of the site.
NC12	Sidcup Road Grassland and Harmony Wood (9.74)	Neutral grassland with small areas of acid grassland to the north of the A20. Natural banks of the Little Quaggy stream support wetland vegetation.
NC13	Maryon Park, Gilbert’s Pit and Maryon Wilson Park (25)	Acid and wet neutral grassland and secondary woodland. Gilberts’s Pit is a geological SSSI. Part Local Nature Reserve
NC14	Greenwich Cemetery (9.16)	Neutral grassland containing a range of grasses and wild flowers. Several springs.
NC15	Tump 53 Nature Park (1.82)	Extensive reed beds. Open areas of water containing diverse aquatic flora and aquatic invertebrates. Water voles present (priority species in UK and London BAPs). Site well used for environmental, educational purposes.
NC16	Shrewsbury Park, Shooters Hill Golf Course, Dothill Allotments and Woodlands Farm (90.5)	An extensive mosaic of habitats, ranging from ancient woodland, secondary woodland through scrub to rough grassland and wetland. Woodlands Farm is a working farm, used also for environmental education.
NC17	Plumstead Common (Winn’s Common, Bleak Hill and the Slade) (29.5)	Extensive areas of acid grassland and secondary woodland.
NC18	Charlton House Lawn (0.5)	Closely mown acid grassland with some scarce species of clover.
NC19	Birchmere (5.78)	Recently created lake with good marginal vegetation. Supports variety of wildfowl and dragonflies.
NC20	Oxleas Meadow (10.4)	Semi–improved neutral and acid grassland.
NC21	Thamesmead Historic Area and Wetlands (2.5)	Series of wetlands providing a range of wetland habitats from reed beds to deep water. Scrub, tall herbs and brackish flora on surrounding land.
NC22	Twin Tumps and Thamesmere (10)	Two tumps and adjoining moats fringed with reeds. Water voles to be re–introduced following decontamination work. Large waterbodies of Thamemere support common waterfowl. Grass snakes occur.
NC23	Greenwich Ecology Park and Southern Park (5)	Part of the Millennium Village development. Ecology Park is recent habitat creation scheme containing a range of habitats, managed for environmental education. Diversity of aquatic and marginal plants. Southern Park is amenity grassland with contains extensive plantings of native trees and wildflower meadows around the edges.

SITES OF BOROUGH IMPORTANCE, GRADE II

NO.	SITE (area in hectares)	DESCRIPTION
NC24	Repository Wood and Charlton Cemetery (14.1)	Comprises secondary woodland with areas of possibly ancient woodland, lake and ponds. Some neutral and acid grassland.
NC25	Plumstead Cemetery (12.2)	Close mown acidic grassland, with some rare species of grass.
NC26	St Nicholas Churchyard, Deptford (0.31)	One of the best sites in the Borough for ferns, with some uncommon species. Numerous mature trees.
NC27	The Ridgeway (10)	Mosaic of rough grassland, tall herbs and scattered scrub. Valuable habitat for common birds, including linnets (a UK BAP priority species), butterflies and invertebrates. An important green corridor
NC28	Eastmoor Street Park (1.71)	Recently created park with a range of habitats. Diverse grassland, small pond and native shrubs and trees.
NC29	Belmarsh Ditches (1.97)	Emergent vegetation in ditches, neutral grassland and associated scrub. Water voles present (priority species in UK and London BAPs).
NC30	Deansfield (2.43)	Diverse rough grassland with scattered scrub. Young trees colonising from adjacent woodland (Shepherdleas Woods NC2)
NC31	Eltham Park North (6.33)	Meadow grassland with common wild flowers. Small lake supporting common waterfowl.
NC32	Woolwich Cemeteries and Rockliffe Gardens (15.9)	Wide variety of grasses and common wild flowers. Some scrub and secondary woodland. Rockliffe Gardens contains dense shrubberies and a small pond.
NC33	Quaggy River at Blackheath Park (3.95)	Section of river with natural banks but little aquatic vegetation. Hedgerows, bramble scrub and rough grassland. Proposed Environment Agency river enhancements will increase the value of this site.
NC34	Royal Blackheath Golf Course South (21.6)	Variety of grassland, areas of developing woodland, ponds and ditches. Support a range of common birds and animals.
NC35	Gallions Reach Park (3.16)	Recently landscaped park with range of habitats including flower rich grassland, scrub and wetlands. Nesting site for song thrush (UK BAP priority species).
NC36	Plumstead Railway Cutting (2.28)	Secondary woodland, scrub and grassland. Supports good populations of common birds, butterflies and other animals. Part of an important green corridor.
NC37	Westcombe Park Railsides (6.4)	Secondary woodland with small areas of rough grassland and bracken. Sizeable area of undisturbed habitats.
NC38	Blackheath to Falconwood Railsides (16.3)	Secondary woodland, scrub and rough grassland providing habitats for a wide range of common birds and other animals. A valuable green corridor.
NC39	Mottingham and New Eltham Railsides (11.3)	Secondary woodland, scrub and rough grassland providing habitats for a wide range of common birds and other animals. A valuable green corridor.
NC40	River Ravensbourne (0.02) NB Site is too small to be visible on the Proposals Map	The river here is in a vertical concrete channel, but is still of importance for fish, including eels, flounders and sand gobies, which pass through between the Creek and the naturalised river channel just upstream in Brookmill Park.
NC41	Sutcliffe Park Flood Alleviation Scheme (6.06)	Environment Agency flood alleviation scheme. The Quaggy has been restored to the surface in a natural–looking, meandering channel, flowing through a flood plain with a mosaic of damp grassland and wetlands. A sizeable lake with extensive reed beds and other marginal and emergent vegetation, and several smaller, permanent ponds, as well as temporary wetlands. Kingfishers are regularly seen. Facilities include a boardwalk and pond–dipping platform, outdoor classroom, seats and interpretative signs.

SITES OF LOCAL IMPORTANCE

NO.	SITE (area in hectares)	DESCRIPTION
NC42	St John the Baptist Churchyard, Eltham (1.08)	Diverse grassland between the graves; gravestones support numerous lichens. Several large trees.
NC43	The Oaks, Plumstead (0.7)	Woodland, possible ancient.
NC44	Southwood Recreation Ground, New Eltham (2.16)	Sportsfield surrounded by tall grassland and scrub. Small stream and area of damp grassland.
NC45	The Tarn (3.6)	Secondary woodland set aside as a bird sanctuary. Large pond with good marginal vegetation.
NC46	The Westcombe Woodlands (1.57)	Small secondary woodland with dense shrub layer. Future strategy and management under review.
NC47	Anglesea Road Open Space and School Wildlife Area (0.37)	Small secondary woodland. School nature garden contains a range of habitats including pond, marshy area, wildflower meadow and scrub. Well used for environmental education.
NC48	Eaglesfield Wood (2.53)	Secondary woodland with dense shrub layer, rough grassland and pond. Used for environmental education by adjacent school.
NC49	St Marys Churchyard, Woolwich (1.88)	Grassland with common wild flowers and mature trees. Vegetated walls support scarce ferns.
NC50	Academy Place Orchard (1.75)	Recently planted orchard with a wide variety of fruit treed, on a covered reservoir. Neutral grassland and old hedge.
NC51	Mycenae House Gardens (1,3)	Mature garden with large trees, dense shrubberies and grassland. Diversity of habitats for common birds and other animals. Bats may also be present.
NC52	Plumstead Common Nature Reserve (0.6)	Small woodland, possibly ancient. Supports common birds and invertebrate. Managed as a nature reserve.
NC53	East Wickham Open Space (0.09) NB Site is too small to be visible on the Proposals Map	Informal open space, mostly in Bexley. Mature poplars, rough grassland and nettles which may be of value to breeding butterflies.
NC54	Well Hall Pleaseaunce (4.0)	Recently restored Victorian garden with mature trees, shrubbery and herbaceous borders. A moat, stream and several ponds provide additional habitats. Wild area of grassland.
NC55	Twinkle Park (0.17)	Small park with very attractive pond with good marginal vegetation. A boardwalk surrounds the pond, facilitating its use for pond–dipping by school groups.

For further information see ‘Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation in Greenwich’ – ’ September 2004

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